SS-31: A Research Overview

SS-31 (also called elamipretide) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide. It is studied in research for how it concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and supports mitochondrial function. It is a research-use-only compound — not approved for human use.

• What it is: an aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂).
• Origin: developed by Szeto and Schiller (the “SS” in the name).
• Key feature: binds cardiolipin and concentrates in mitochondria.
• Status: investigational, in clinical trials; sold as research-use-only material.

What is SS-31?

SS-31 is a small four-amino-acid peptide engineered so that alternating cationic and aromatic residues give it a strong affinity for cardiolipin, a phospholipid found almost exclusively on the inner mitochondrial membrane. This lets it accumulate selectively in mitochondria — reported in studies to concentrate there thousands of times over.

What researchers study

SS-31 research uses cell culture and animal models to examine mitochondrial biology:

• Cardiolipin binding — how the peptide associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• Membrane electrostatics — its proposed effect on the membrane surface as part of its mechanism.
• Mitochondrial function — models of impaired respiration and oxidative stress.

Related compounds

SS-31 is commonly grouped with other mitochondria-focused research materials such as MOTS-c and the coenzyme NAD+.

Storage & handling

SS-31 is supplied lyophilized. Keep it cold and dark, reconstitute only when needed for research, and limit freeze–thaw cycles. See our guide on reconstituting lyophilized peptides.

Research status

SS-31 / elamipretide is an investigational compound studied in clinical trials; it is not an approved medication. Material sold here is research-grade and for laboratory use only.